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In Short

Cyber Is Not a Noun

Cyber
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鈥淣辞飞听,鈥 Donald Trump said at an appearance in Virginia on Tuesday. It was part of a longer, equally incoherent statement about 鈥渃yber,鈥 which, according to him, 鈥渋s… becoming something that a number of years ago, short number of years ago, wasn鈥檛 even a word.鈥

Of course, that鈥檚 not strictly true鈥cyber聽has been around for a while now, as both a noun and a prefix used in all manner of contexts and ways ranging from online sex to all-out apocalypse (or cyberpocalypse, if you will). Still, there鈥檚 something about that particular construction鈥斺渢he cyber鈥濃攖hat feels off, like it鈥檚 either missing a word (鈥渘ow the cyberthreat is so big鈥) or has an extra definite article (鈥渘ow cyber is so big鈥).

Many of us are still wrestling with the idea of聽cyber聽as a noun rather than an adjective, though Trump is hardly the first to use it that way. (See, for instance, this summer, when NATO聽聽that it would extend its operations to the cyberdomain and the AP聽聽touted the change as 鈥渁ir, land, sea, cyber.鈥) But while that expansion into new parts of speech is聽, it isn鈥檛 nearly as troubling as the sense that the more we invoke the term聽cyber聽in a general manner, the less we have any clear idea what it means or what we鈥檙e actually talking about.

Several people have traced the history and evolution of the meaning of the word cyber over the past several decades. Writing for聽io9聽three years ago, Annalee Newitz traced the聽聽and its many uses鈥攕ince its appearance in the field of cybernetics in the 1940s, through the genre of cyberpunk, its brief period as a verb meaning 鈥渢o have cybersex with,鈥 and the military connotations it carries today.

In 2015, in a post for the聽, Taylor Coe considered the etymological roots of cyber in the Greek work for聽steersman, and also introduced me to several variations of the word I鈥檇 never before encountered, including聽cybercubicle,听cybersnob, and聽cyber-sheepishly聽(lest you think the term was confined to noun, verb, and adjectival uses only). He also discusses how聽cyber鈥檚 rival, the 鈥渆-鈥 prefix (as in,听email,听e-commerce), put a dent in cyber鈥檚 campaign to dominate the internet-related vocabulary. While 鈥渆-鈥 became the norm for everyday commercial terms,听cyber聽developed a less wholesome reputation. 鈥淒espite the rise of e- formations, e- has not made much of a dent in forming words that relate to the more negative aspects of the Internet,鈥 Coe wrote. 鈥淭erms like cyberwar, cyberattack, cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and cyberbullying are more prominent than ever.鈥

In 2008, current White House Deputy Chief Technology Officer Ed Felten,听, speculated that military influence might be responsible for the rise of the term聽cybersecurity聽in place of something like, say, 鈥渋nformation security.鈥 He wrote: 鈥淢ilitary units conduct reconnaissance; they maneuver over terrain; they use weapons where necessary. This mindset wants to think of security as defending some kind of terrain鈥攁nd the terrain can only be cyberspace. If you鈥檙e defending cyberspace, you must be doing something called cybersecurity. Over time, 鈥榗ybersecurity鈥 somehow became 鈥榗yber security鈥 and then just 鈥榗yber.鈥 鈥

And now the cyber is so big. Well, of course it is鈥攚e鈥檝e been experiencing聽cyber聽creep for years, letting the term grow and extend its tentacles until it is so vast, encompasses so much, that it is virtually meaningless and absolutely impossible to avoid. Talking about 鈥渃yber鈥 in the abstract鈥攁nd Trump is certainly not the first to do so, nor will he be the last鈥攁lmost always seems to convey the sense that whoever鈥檚 speaking has no clear idea what he鈥檚 talking about and just wants to seem tech-savvy. It鈥檚 such a vague word, used in so many different contexts, that it鈥檚 difficult to take seriously without a noun to modify. When people resort to talking about 鈥渃yber鈥 on its own (or 鈥渢he cyber,鈥 if you prefer), it feels like an implicit admission that they鈥檙e talking about something they know nothing about鈥攕omething they can鈥檛 describe concretely, something that has no clear boundaries and no real, stable definition.

I鈥檓 as guilty as anyone of writing and talking about 鈥渃ybersecurity,鈥 and it hardly seems worth the effort to try to get everyone on board with a new word. But I use it less than I used to, inspired by my favorite commentary on the use of cyber, which comes from a 2013聽New York Times聽article about programs aimed at聽. The article quoted then-17-year-old high school student Arlan Jaska, who helped start a student group at the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Virginia, originally called the Cybersecurity Club, but later changed to the Computer Security Club. They decided against the 鈥渃yber鈥 prefix, Jaska told the听罢颈尘别蝉, because 鈥渋t sounds like you鈥檙e trying to be cool but you鈥檙e not.鈥

This piece originally ran in , a partnership between 国产视频, Slate, and Arizona State University.

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Cyber Is Not a Noun