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Many companies seek captive markets—those in which consumers have little choice, like food in a sports arena or cable access in a rural area. But the ultimate captive market is the U.S. criminal justice system, where consumers are captive in both an economic and a physical sense.

Traditionally, private companies providing services in prisons have focused on food and personal items, as well as phone calls. These items are often priced at —think $21 for a , $31 for a , or $15 for a  (no small cost when you’re earning an hourly wage of ). Now, many private companies are expanding to sell digital services to incarcerated people and their families. As they do so, companies break into a market with little existing regulation—which, some argue, leaves room for exploitation.

While most commerce within prisons revolves around food and hygiene products, a  on prison commissaries, published in May, found that digital sales are the “future of commissary.” The report also argues that digital sales serve as a new way to “shift the costs of corrections to incarcerated people” by monetizing opportunities for communication, education, and entertainment.

What do digital sales in prison look like? Prison systems contract with for-profit companies to provide inmates with tablets or MP3 players. (Sometimes these devices are ; other times inmates or their family members foot the bill.) Then, the companies sell access to content, which, depending on the facility, may include things like music downloads, e-book subscriptions, games, electronic messaging, and phone and video calling.

These tablets can help inmates connect with family members (particularly those who live far away), access educational content, and simply pass time. Inmates, for example, might be able to , read the Bible or the Quran, browse an Alcoholics Anonymous application, or watch a birthday message sent by a kid. In Pima County, Arizona, the implementation of a tablet program corresponded with a 66 percent reduction in suicide attempts and ideations, as well as a 60 percent decrease in staff assaults, corrections captain Sean Stewart wrote in a September  for the Washington Examiner. According to Stewart, the tablets incentivize good behavior—because they can be confiscated at any time—and provide access to education and training programs that reduce recidivism.

The tablets in Pima County are provided by Global Tel Link, a leading corrections tech company that works in more than 2,300 correctional facilities in all 50 states. By , the company reaches more than 1.8 million inmates—82 percent of the U.S. prison population. JPay, a company similar to GTL, currently operates in 35 states.

GTL and JPay both offer free access to educational material on their tablets. Jade Trombetta, a JPay spokeswoman, said in an email that inmates have earned more than 34,000 college credits to date through the company’s free educational offerings. These companies also offer free access to what Brian Peters, GTL’s vice president of facility product management, calls facility efficiency applications. Through these applications, inmates can do things like file grievances, access calendars, and review facility documentation. According to Trombetta, these services provide “added layers of transparency and accountability” for the facilities in which they’re offered.

Peters told me that while one-half to three-quarters of the services on GTL’s tablets are free, the company makes revenue from offering “enhanced services” like music, movies, games, podcasts, and secure web browsers. This is part of what he called GTL’s “double bottom line”: to make a “change in the corrections environment,” but also to make a profit. Inmates can purchase content through a subscription model, pay a per-minute fee, or, if they own the tablet, download material. Pricing for these services varies from facility to facility, but Peters said the company tries to provide services at close-to-market prices. For example, he said that inmates are typically charged 3 to 5 cents per minute of connectivity.

JPay wouldn’t tell me the average prices of its services, which vary by facility, but the company does list location-based prices on its website. For example,��, each typed page of an email sent to an inmate costs 50 cents. , video visitation costs $8.95 per half-hour. Just depositing money into an inmate’s media account  comes with a fee—$3.95 for a deposit of up to $20.

In its report, the Prison Policy Initiative expressed concerns over price gouging for digital products, giving the example of the commissary company Keefe, which offers digital music downloads to Massachusetts inmates at $1.85 per song (43 percent more than the $1.29 you might pay for a song on iTunes—or almost 20 percent of the $10 you would pay for a monthly subscription to Apple Music). In Illinois, the report notes, inmates spent $839,000 on music provided by GTL over the course of a year. Similarly, i����, Issie Lapowsky wrote that video visitation programs are often marked by price gouging, an example of how “corporate and government greed” stop these programs’ potential benefits dead in their tracks.

Companies like JPay (a subsidiary of Securus Technologies) and GTL often benefit from monopoly contracts in the prisons in which they operate. According to Wanda Bertram, a communications strategist for the Prison Policy Initiative who worked on the organization’s recent report, monopoly contracts in prisons are fairly unique to the digital and telecommunications realms. “Somehow because people in prison are a captive market, the same concerns which I think ought to be raised aren’t usually raised for them,” she said.

Peters said he understands criticisms that companies like GTL are monetizing mass incarceration, and he thinks it’s important to listen to those concerns. But he said corrections technology companies face huge infrastructure burdens that are incomparable to companies operating in the free world; when I buy a Spotify subscription, I already have a phone and Wi-Fi to enjoy it on, which is not the case for incarcerated people. “The reality is that we are providing the infrastructure,” he said. “In order to recoup some of that investment, we have to charge rates that may not always be palatable in the consumer marketplace.”

In its report, however, the Prison Policy Initiative argues that incarcerated users should be charged rates similar to those in the consumer marketplace, calling price markups for digital services “unquestionably exploitative.” One of the biggest barriers for making such comparisons and regulating these programs is a relative lack of public data in the first place. Of the three states the Prison Policy Initiative analyzed, only Illinois included digital sales in its commissary records. “When the state pays nothing, sometimes there’s little incentive for the state to begin collecting data,” Bertram said. Sales and usage data naturally rest in the hands of private companies, and those companies aren’t exactly excited at the prospect of increased oversight. In fact, as  obtained by the Prison Policy Initiative show, companies are strategically investing in areas not currently regulated by the Federal Communications Commission.

Critics have also raised serious privacy concerns related to this new generation of prison tech, particularly for nonincarcerated users on the other end of a communication. Understandably, tablets are  by companies—but there are questions about the scope of data collection and limits on data sharing. For example,��, when parties use the company’s technology to make a phone call, they give consent to track the location of that call. (The company says the nonincarcerated party is told this via voice prompts.) Within the GTL system, administrators can conduct a reverse look-up of any call to pinpoint a Google Maps location of the call’s recipient. While there are important reasons law enforcement might need this information, GTL can also track the recipient’s location for 60 minutes after the call has ended—and retain that information for up to a year. Additional highlights of GTL’s include the company’s stipulated right to share user data with third parties including law enforcement officials, “marketing partners,” and other service providers. In a  on cyber communication in prisons, the Prison Policy Initiative highlighted potential negative effects surrounding these companies’ sharing of user data, particularly as law enforcement agencies continue to experiment with database algorithms to .

It’s worth noting that JPay’s parent company, Securus Technologies, has been implicated in a number of privacy and user rights controversies. In 2015, an anonymous hacker  records of more than 70 million calls made through Securus—including calls between inmates and their lawyers, which . The company is currently facing a lawsuit in conjunction with CoreCivic, a private corrections company, for recording 1,300 private conversations between inmates and attorneys in Kansas, according to . And in May,�� that law enforcement officials in Missouri used a Securus service to track nonincarcerated people’s cellphones (thanks to data shared by wireless carriers) without a warrant—a privacy scandal Slate’s Will Oremus  “should be bigger than Cambridge Analytica.” (Wireless carriers have  to stop sharing users’ location data with companies like Securus, and the Supreme Court  that the Fourth Amendment protects cellphone location records.)

Still, Bertram said that tech programs like tablets or video visitation could have real, tangible benefits for incarcerated people—if it weren’t for what she called “private enrichment at the expense of largely indigent families.” She thinks states can prove they care about these tangible benefits by negotiating fairer contracts and working with tech companies to develop more free, effective programs. Similarly,��, a writer and advocate who was formerly incarcerated, told me in May that while she was generally opposed to the “pay-to-play” nature of many prison tech programs, “profit motive has led to innovation”—innovation that can and should be replicated on a not-for-profit scale.

In the meantime, Bertram suggested, we should stop measuring prison programs by a standard of “Oh, this is better than nothing.” Instead, she thinks we ought to ask: “How good can it be?”

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