The Women Who Won Net Neutrality
Earlier this month, Politico Magazine among the top 50 鈥渢hinkers, doers and visionaries transforming American politics鈥 for my work in coalitions advancing net neutrality鈥攖he principle that cable and phone companies should not block websites or create online slow lanes and paid fast lanes. Over the course of a year鈥攆rom January 2014 to March 2015鈥攎illions of Americans, hundreds of businesses, and dozens of policy makers weighed in at the Federal Communications Commission in favor of net neutrality. Despite the overwhelming political might of the cable and phone companies that opposed the principle, and despite a prevailing conventional wisdom all last year that it would be 鈥渋mpossible鈥 to beat them, the FCC sided with the public and adopted extremely strong net neutrality rules that should be a global model for Internet freedom. On Monday, dozens of , filed legal briefs in court defending that important order.
Because the victory at the FCC is so important for economic policy and was so shocking a political victory, many news organizations have profiled those responsible. Over the past months, in addition to me, many men have received credit鈥攊ncluding Federal Communications Commission Chairman , President , HBO host , and Tumblr CEO . While these men (others, especially in the nonprofit community) played critical roles, none deserves more credit than the frequently overlooked women who helped lead the fight. Even if we guys managed to hog the credit afterward, a disproportionate number of women in the public interest, tech, and government communities had the guts and brains to lead the public to victory. They canceled annual vacations, worked round the clock, didn鈥檛 see friends and family as often as anyone would want鈥攁nd ran a brilliant campaign. They should be recognized.
Here are some of the women who worked to preserve the free and open Internet. (Many of them are current or former colleagues: I previously worked on staff at Free Press, was a fellow at 国产视频, am on the Boards of Fight for the Future and Engine Advocacy, and have done legal work for Google, Tumblr, and others.)
Academia
Barbara van Schewick, a Stanford law school professor who also has a Ph.D. in computer science and expertise in the economics of innovation, had a bigger impact than anyone realizes. She wrote the on net neutrality and some of the most on the topic. While teaching a full load at Stanford, she flew to Washington almost monthly and had more than 150 meetings at Congress, the FCC, and the White House. No one individual met more often with the White House or FCC on the issue, according to public records. The FCC鈥檚 decision (and footnotes) reflect her work. She had a bigger impact than entire institutions. She is not a normal human, but thankfully she鈥檚 on the public鈥檚 side.
Another top academic, Susan Crawford at Harvard, has led for more competition and investment among Internet providers, more government- and community-owned Internet networks, and has called for an open Internet to preserve the First Amendment interests of all Internet users. (The good news is that Susan joined scholar Tim Wu and me on the Politico list.)
The FCC
Alongside Chairman Tom Wheeler, FCC Commissioners Jessica Rosenworcel and Mignon Clyburn cast two of the three votes for network neutrality. At the start of the public process, last May, each her willingness to support strong net neutrality rules. Clyburn publicly championed strong and Rosenworcel argued for a full and open public . Further, Wheeler鈥檚 team included the Gigi Sohn, who made sure he met with business and civic leaders outside of D.C., and Stephanie Weiner, a top FCC lawyer who drilled in on every aspect of the legal analysis to make sure the order has its best shot of being upheld in court.
The civil rights community
The fights for media justice and racial justice have been the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. During the last year鈥檚 net neutrality fight, leaders like Jessica Gonzalez of the National Hispanic Media Coalition, Malkia Cyril at the Center for Media Justice, and Brandi Collins at Color of Change explained to policymakers and the public why disadvantaged groups needed an open Internet鈥攖o tell their stories, to organize, and political movements such as . Gonzalez, for example, before Congress and was part of a New York Times conveying these points.
Congress and the White House
Despite political opposition from the powerful lobbyists at the cable and phone companies, some women across government stuck their necks out for the public. Nancy Pelosi lent her powerful voice strong net neutrality rules, as did Sens. Elizabeth and Barbara . At the White House, the nation鈥檚 chief technology officer, Megan Smith, ensured that President Obama with engineers who invented the Internet and World Wide Web. Hillary Clinton, a longtime network neutrality supporter, in favor of the FCC鈥檚 plan in the critical days before its adoption.
The tech community
The New York startup community defended net neutrality with visits to Washington, op-eds, legal filings, and joining activists in a day of driving 300,000 calls to Congress. Althea Erickson led Etsy鈥檚 engagement, speaking for Etsy sellers, are women. The creative Liba Rubenstein policy team; the aggressive lawyer Michal Rosenn and savvy communications head Julie Wood led Kickstarter鈥檚 legal and communications engagement; Jessica Casano-Antonellis and Andrea Allen supported Vimeo鈥檚 efforts to with videos and user education. They worked with Engine Advocacy鈥檚 Julie Samuels, Liz Simon of General Assembly, New York Tech Meetup鈥檚 Jessica Lawrence, Shana Glenzer of the D.C. Tech Meetup, the Internet Freedom Business Alliance鈥檚 Lauren Culbertson, the Computer and Communications Industry Association鈥檚 Cathy Sloan, and Comptel鈥檚 Angie Kronenberg. Over at the larger companies, Sheryl Sandberg at Facebook to support network neutrality, and Johanna Shelton, Susan Molinari, and Rachel Whetstone led Google鈥檚 thinking and advocacy on the topic.
The Washington public interest community
Sarah Morris, a senior lawyer at 国产视频鈥檚 Open Technology Institute, was a key thinker and organizer鈥攆iling legal comments, testifying , coordinating various coalitions, and interfacing with Congress. (Disclosure: 国产视频 is a partner with Slate and Arizona State University in Future Tense.) At Free Press, a media reform organization, Sandy Fulton and others persuaded congressional staff and the public. Valarie Kaur of and Cheryl Leanzaof the United Church of Christ organized . Nonprofit foundation leaders encouraged a coordinated strategy, including Helen Brunner, Yolanda Hippensteele, and Amber French of the Media Democracy Fund, who leaned partly on Jennifer Callow of Spitfire Strategies.
Mass organizers
The FCC received almost comments (and ) and Congress and hundreds of thousands of calls. Someone had to organize all of that on behalf of average Americans. Those people include Tiffiniy Cheng, the creatively brilliant co-founder of digital rights group Fight for the Future;Evan Greer, that organization鈥檚 relentless campaign director and press genius; Becky Bond, the fearless political director of Credo Action, the activism arm of the phone company Credo Mobile; Rachel Colyer of Daily Kos, the liberal blogging platform;Candace Clement at Free Press; Stephanie Taylor at Progressive Change Campaign Committee; and Margaret Flowers of Popular Resistance, who drew sustained attention to the cause through actions like 鈥淥ccupy FCC.鈥
These women saved the Internet and transformed politics They deserve the respect and gratitude of all of us who care about free speech in the 21st century.
Marvin Ammori is a Future Tense fellow at 国产视频, a practicing lawyer, and a visiting scholar at Stanford Law School鈥檚 Center for Internet Society.
A version of this article appeared on , a partnership of Slate, 国产视频, and Arizona State University.