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For additional information on the way state early care and education governance impacts the flow of federal and state pre-K funds to local systems, see our supplementary blog.

To read more about the origin stories of some of the programs mentioned in this brief and their governance structures, the following pieces provide additional insight:

• Bryce Covert, “,” New York Magazine, December 26, 2024.
• Erick Trickey, “,” Politico Magazine, August 17, 2017.
• Anna North, “,” Vox, November 4, 2020.
• “,” Denver Preschool Program, September 6, 2024.
• Greg Landsman, “” interview by Reginald Harris of Children’s Funding Project, November 15, 2022.
• Conor Williams, “,” Vox, August 12, 2019.

Table 2 below tracks which of the 75 largest U.S. cities either enroll at least 30 percent of four-year-olds or contribute local funds to early childhood education based on CityHealth’s 2024 quality standards.

The ECE Implementation Working Group is a group of early childhood education leaders from cities and counties across the country. These leaders gather to share best practices from their experience working with families and local communities, and their work aligns with the New Practice Lab’s theory of change: that implementation lessons should inform policy design from the start. More information about the Working Group can be found here. You can reach out to us with questions about the group and its work at npl_work@newamerica.org.