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By Denice Ross

Are you a nonprofit, funder, or government leader working on a big problem plaguing many communities, like opioids, climate change, or disaster resilience? In recent years, networks have risen in use as a way to connect practitioners, as well as organize investments and innovation across places. Networks may be especially well suited if:

• The problem you are solving is bigger than one place can solve on its own.
• You’ve identified local innovations already happening and you want to share learnings across places.
• You want to reduce the risk of innovation and embolden local innovators to do more.

Authors Denice Ross and Tara McGuinness interviewed the leaders behind 25 place-based networks like What Works Cities and 100 Resilient Cities, ranging in size from 10 cities to over 200. They found a lot of hard-earned wisdom about the myriad design choices that go into building and improving networks. Even across domains as different as homelessness and carbon emissions, they found that network leaders had similar challenges and successes. This article distills some of the learnings from the interviews into a tool for people thinking about building networks.

Below are the 10 most important questions you’ll want to answer when designing a network.

1. What is the purpose of the network?
Be specific about naming what the network is designed to achieve. A shared purpose will inform network design, such as whether to have a “teams of teams” model or a hub-and-spoke model. A network focus also helps align activities so the people doing them have more to talk about. This can go several ways: sharing goals within a specific domain (e.g., increasing bicycling in underserved neighborhoods like the ) or sharing approaches (e.g., partnering universities and local government leaders to use cities as a living laboratory like ). While sharpening your purpose, it’s also worth questioning whether a network is actually the best approach at this time. (It may be that a workshop, research project, or a single-place pilot would be a better fit for this stage of your work.) Whatever your goal, be audacious. communities, for example, are aiming to eliminate homelessness.

2. What organizations or people will be in the network? How will you choose them?
Networks by definition are people or things that are interconnected. Who are you connecting, and how will being in a network help them? One of the most important design decisions for a network is the unit of participation. Is it a city government (e.g., )? A school district or university (e.g., or )? A nonprofit or community-based organization (e.g., )? A local cross-sector partnership (e.g., )? Some networks have a mix of institutional types, such as the which includes members hosted at universities and nonprofits. Note that even in networks for specific roles, such as the of municipal Chief Data Officers (CDOs), or the eponymous , the unit of membership is with the city, and when a CDO or sustainability director moves on, for example, their successor steps in with the network.

Using a competitive or invited application process can help ensure that members have sufficient capacity to be successful, and allows you to carefully curate the cohort (to match cities by size, or focus areas). The downside of selecting for capacity, of course, is that lower-capacity places may be left behind. Another option is to design low barriers to entry, such as the , which has a sliding scale fee for membership based on municipal population size, or even to recruit members with different levels of resources and staffing to do the work, as the does to build the field across different types of police departments.

3. Who will be the points of contact between the member organization and the network?
Most networks have designated a point of contact (POC) for each member organization in order to simplify communication and increase accountability. The point of contact quarterbacks the work inside, and communicates back with the network regularly. The more aligned network participation is with the POC’s main job, the more robust the connection will be. When the network work isn’t aligned, POCs often lament that they can’t devote more resources to participating. addressed this by funding their resilience officers to work in member cities. Executive Fellows are specifically recruited and funded to work on a project mutually defined by FUSE and their host city, so they have both bandwidth to deliver and unusually high alignment between their network work and their city role. One cautionary tale from several networks was that a member’s participation often drops off when their local point of contact leaves that position. An organizational commitment to network participation can help ensure that a new person steps in to continue the work. Kathy Pettit, Director of the , observes that in addition to having a main point of contact, they work to engage other staff members both for continuity when people leave, and also as “part of [their] mission to help develop more junior professionals in the field.”

4. How big will your network be?
The overarching factors in network size are how much central staff support is required to run the network, and how large the pool of resources is that the network is supplying to its members. Some networks cap participation, like , which added cities over the course of two years until reaching 100, or , which covered the salary of 100 chief resilience officers in cities globally. Some networks grow very slowly, with great intentionality, like the which has a high bar for membership and might add a new city once a year, while providing ongoing support for candidate organizations. Other networks continue to scale indefinitely. is nearly a self-replicating network, as school districts find so much cost-savings in using open-licensed curricula that the regional sub-networks continue to recruit districts. charges a membership fee that helps cover management costs as the network grows. , a network of 29 police chiefs who compare their data annually to up their game, doesn’t itself increase in size, but inspired the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) to create the that can be used by any IACP member jurisdiction.

Joel Carnes, President and CEO of the Alliance for Innovation captures issue of network scale well:

“The secret sauce to working at scale is creating enough space so that network participants can ‘carry the load’ themselves by creating and sustaining groups and programs, while also creating a strong set of guard rails to ensure that everything stays on topic/mission.”

5. How do you sustain engagement?
Once a network exceeds 20 members, it’s probably worth creating subgroups based on common attributes (geographic location, population size, issue of focus, capacity/maturity, etc.) to shrink their interactions to a manageable size. has its primary membership of organizations (which all meet a basic threshold for civic infrastructure), and also provides support through monthly conference calls, online resources, and technical assistance for would-be members who don’t yet qualify. has a rolling cohort of active cities (that are actively engaged for up to nine months) before transitioning into a lower intensity role. organizes around initiatives such as urban flooding and mass transit. has “Ambassador” school districts who have met their commitments, are scaling and sustaining their efforts, and are then mentoring districts that are still in process. In , communities move progressively through a series of cohorts as they accomplish key milestones. Subnetworks are most effective with dedicated staffing to deliver value for each group. Systems to track progress and challenges will help you measure outcomes and identify common pain points. (See Question 10 below for more on tracking.)

6. What does it take to get into the network?
The barriers to entry increase as you go from requiring commitments from the practitioner, to the whole organization, to multiple stakeholders in a community. However, the impact can also increase as you go from one innovative practitioner to a collective impact model. When you are in the process of recruiting members is the best time to garner commitments for network participation. Though the high level people who make commitments are generally not the ones to do the work (with a few exceptions, such as the for mayors and senior officials), their buy-in provides cover and resourcing for those doing the work. Commitments are also an opportunity to get silos within the community to start talking to each other up front. In the , for example, the police chief and municipal chief information officer both have to sign off on the commitment to open data on policing, paving the way for the police department to take advantage of the CIO’s infrastructure for data publishing (a connection that often doesn’t manifest spontaneously).

7. Is your network time-limited? or permanent?
Given the reality that many points of contact will need to put in extra time or pull in additional resources to fully participate in your network, timeboxing the effort can make this surge doable. Another benefit of setting an end-date to a network is that once you sunset one network, you can then design the next generation network, iterating on the design based on what you learned the previous round. Building a next gen network (rather than merely continuing the original network) allows you to move the goalposts to reflect the progress you made, trim out any members that haven’t been participating, and invite in new members with high potential.

Timeboxing the network can go hand in hand with the commitments and goal-setting, especially with something like a final report or event at the end to celebrate success and create a sense of urgency to meet goals. End dates aren’t ideal for all networks, though. Some networks are better thought of as permanent civic infrastructure. The is a network in perpetuity with , for example when . is an umbrella of funding institutions that launch time-limited networks opportunistically around the network’s high-priority issues. The Alliance for Innovation is designed to build participation over decades, allowing local governments to develop both the external relationships and the internal capacity to get the most out of the network over the long-term.

8. How do network members connect?
The most appropriate combination of tools to keep a network connected depends on the needs of the network members. Networks typically go with the “lowest common denominator” technology that all participants regularly access. Keep in mind that many local governments may not be able to easily access Slack, Google apps, or webinars. Additionally, government workers may be especially risk averse in sharing their challenges and plans in a forum that might become public. That said, the more personal and relevant the communications to the network are, the more effective they are. The best cadence of check-ins depends on whether the network has an end-date, and its goals. For networks with aggressive goals and a set deadline, bi-weekly works well. For networks more long-term in nature, monthly is good, especially if there’s a means for spontaneous conversation in between. Connect less frequent than monthly, and your network may drop to the bottom of members’ consciousness.

9. How will you share successes and tackle common obstacles?
Most networks have some form of storytelling to showcase the success of their members and, ideally, transfer solutions across places. In truth, another benefit of storytelling we heard from our interviews was less about spreading good ideas, and more about the benefits to the place whose story was told. Having a local organization’s work recognized by a national network increases the prominence of the work locally, placates public relations staff who may be anxious about risk-taking, and helps get the work prioritized because it is viewed as high profile. , whose purpose is making internet access fast, affordable, and reliable everywhere, has a savvy way to collect success stories from their members: they host an annual contest where cities submit their innovations.

Conversely, network members (especially governments) may be reluctant to share what’s not working, but doing so can be transformative for the field. In the , a high-capacity jurisdiction once explained during a check-in call that the quality of their traffic stop data was so bad it was unpublishable. This was a relief to the other jurisdictions who thought they were the only ones with that problem, and the disclosure allowed them to move forward with more confidence. network members had common concerns about how to comply with HIPAA as they share data about individuals across criminal justice and health organizations, so DDJ partners worked with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to create a that addressed frequently asked questions.

10. How will you know if it is working?
As important as setting goals is tracking them. Demonstrating collective progress is invigorating for the community of practice, and can help demonstrate the value of the work to funders and other external stakeholders. The most common tool for tracking progress of participating cities is a spreadsheet, and the most common regret we heard from networks was that many did not gather baseline data or track progress in a structured way from the beginning. The got ahead of this by making the first order of business for their cohort of 10 cities to install bicycle counting devices, and the reporting of bicycling data will continue for a year after the three-year network concludes. The larger your network, the more formalized your data tracking will likely need to be. Technical assistance provided by the network administration is often captured in a system that could be as simple as shared Google Docs among TA providers, a custom shared system for note-taking, or specialized customer relationship management software. Member surveys and independent evaluations can also give useful insights on how well your network is delivering value to its members and how you can improve.

In sum, there is no one best way to design or run a network. The most important thing about designing an effective network is to be deliberate in your design plan. If you’d like to learn more about the research we conducted on place-based networks, visit the interactive map of the (as of September 2018), or read Can Networks Supercharge American Ingenuity? or the case study on Chicago, which is a super-networked city.

Common Pain Points for Networks and how to Overcome Them

Once your network is up and running, here are some tips and tricks from the interviews we conducted with network managers: