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The Limits of the Power of Prayer in American Politics

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Last week, religious leaders, humanitarians, and politicians came together at the Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., for a fellowship breakfast 鈥渋n the spirit of Jesus.鈥 The , held every year since 1953, is one of those moments鈥攏ow rarer by the day鈥攚hen political strife and division ostensibly take a back seat to prayer, calls for unity, and reminders of our shared identities. It鈥檚 also a reminder of how faith and public life are intertwined in a country where of the population is Christian, and where the public鈥檚 trust in the church has always been greater than its trust in government.

But one need only think about recent headlines detailing a racist attack, a homophobic remark, or even broader political pettiness to question the extent to which the breaking of bread is enough to overcome the record-breaking level of division in American democracy.

The National Prayer Breakfast, in other words, is a reminder not of what kinds of positive changes faith is able to effect in public life, but of the kinds of changes it 颈蝉苍鈥檛 able to bring about.

Of course, history shows us that religion often does play a crucial role in politics. It鈥檚 long had the power to focus the attention of both representatives and individual citizens on certain issues. For instance, it can encourage people to call for after tragedies like the shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla.; a in a country where there has been a increase in the number of incarcerated people over the last 40 years, due to changes in law and policy, not changes in crime rates; and so that the government is accountable to everyone instead of a powerful few. Looking back further, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference鈥檚 Poor People鈥檚 Campaign, which in 1968 sought to secure economic justice for society鈥檚 most vulnerable citizens, also underscores how faith and religion have been constant presences in American political life. Still, ultimately, the task of actually addressing various issues rests with the people positioned to do something about them: elected representatives.

At the same time, the idea of better policy hinging on representatives鈥 goodwill or their ability to, as President Donald Trump said in his State of the Union address, 鈥渇ollow the path of cooperation, compromise, and the common good鈥 probably doesn鈥檛 inspire much confidence in most people. That鈥檚 largely because the government 颈蝉苍鈥檛 really equipped to do its job鈥攂ecause we have an electoral system that tends to exacerbate differences and deepen divisions.

That鈥檚 what American politics looks like today, where every election is so high stakes that competition is taken to unhealthy levels鈥攐nes that no amount of praying or wishing for cooperation can fully extinguish.

To understand how, consider the fact that, over the last 30 years, Congress has eliminated thousands of staff positions. This, in turn, has hurt its ability to analyze policy and has overburdened and overstretched its staff, who鈥檝e increasingly scrambled to do their jobs effectively. As a result, Congress now to lobbyists and the executive branch. As Paul Glastris, the editor-in-chief of the Washington Monthly, , the slashing of congressional staffing positions 鈥渞educed the 鈥榣egislative support staff鈥欌 at agencies like the General Accounting Office (renamed the Government Accountability Office in 2004) 鈥渂y a third and killed the Office of Technology Assessment entirely.鈥 And while the Founding Fathers had always intended for the legislative branch to be the most powerful and robust of the three, today, 鈥淐ongress clearly has been eclipsed by the executive branch. The executive branch comprises 180 agencies, 4.1 million civilian and active military employees and a budget of $3.9 trillion per year,鈥 Kevin Kosar of the R Street Institute in 2016. 鈥淭he legislative branch consists of a handful of agencies, has 30,000 employees and is funded at $4.5 billion per year.鈥

When the ability to make and enact policy lies not with those whose main job it is to represent everyone but, instead, with those tasked to represent only 鈥渟ome ones,鈥 there鈥檚 no amount of religion and faith that can correct for that misalignment of position and responsibility. Decisions not made by elected representatives, and consequences not weighed by them, fail to meet the goal of creating better, more equitable, and more inclusive policy.

But Congress鈥 limited capacity is only one side of the coin. The other side鈥攖he one that鈥檚 gaining more traction thanks in no small part to the of my colleague Lee Drutman over the last couple of years鈥攈as to do with the broken nature of the American electoral system.

The two political parties鈥 failure to meaningfully encompass the wide spectrum of competing social and economic views that exist in America under two, coherent umbrellas means that many people who are politically engaged are so engaged鈥攕o certain that their side is the right side鈥攖hat they can鈥檛 see how the other side could have anything of value to offer to political discourse. Meanwhile, many of those who aren鈥檛 engaged don鈥檛 see much value in becoming so, either because they don鈥檛 trust the government to do the right thing or, perhaps worse, because they know that their vote won鈥檛 make a difference.

Indeed, the way legislative elections are structured in the United States means that it鈥檚 almost impossible for third-party candidates to get elected. With single-member districts, there can be only one winner, so anyone who flirts with the idea of voting for a third-party candidate who may better represent her interests is likely wasting her vote. In single-member districts, winners win everything, and losers lose everything. It only takes one election鈥攊n a very ethnically, ideologically, and geographically diverse country鈥攆or losers to feel threatened by what the winners might do (and vice-versa), what policy consequences they may face.

As grave as that sounds, that鈥檚 what American politics looks like today, where every election is so high stakes that competition is taken to unhealthy levels鈥攐nes that no amount of praying or wishing for cooperation can fully extinguish.

The solution to a broken Congress is congressional reform. Pay staff more so that they don鈥檛 leave after two years because they鈥檙e burned out. Hire more staff so that lobbyists aren鈥檛 the ones tasked with drafting bills. by updating congressional rules, procedures, and schedules so that it can adapt to the realities of contemporary American politics.

Likewise, the way out of the doom loop of -turned-mutual destruction is electoral reform. Ranked-choice voting, a system through which voters select candidates in order of choice, and multi-member districts, where more than one representative is elected per district, are two of the most promising solutions to the current crisis of American democracy because of their potential to alleviate partisan tensions and de-escalate political conflict.

Put more bluntly, problems of policy, and policymaking, require reform.

It鈥檚 worth repeating that this 颈蝉苍鈥檛 to suggest that there 颈蝉苍鈥檛 a place for religion in public life. Religious institutions have long served as places where people with cross-cutting identities gather to celebrate, mourn, and share personal and political aspirations. Sacred places have been safe spaces during times of political persecution, and they continue to play an intermediary role between people and other institutions of power in society, like government and big business.

To some extent, Trump got at this during the National Prayer Breakfast. He exalted 鈥減eople of faith鈥 for their leadership that fueled many of America鈥檚 鈥済reatest strides,鈥 such as the fight for independence and extending the right to vote to women. And despite his gaffe鈥攚hen he said that the faithful also helped usher in the 鈥渁bolition of civil rights鈥濃攖he intended takeaway from his speech was clear, and mostly right: Religious teachings can nurture many of the morals and values that propel social-justice movements forward, and that force society to look in the mirror and confront its sins.

Still, faith and religion in public life aren鈥檛 replacements for political reform, just as prayer 颈蝉苍鈥檛 a substitute for inclusive, responsive, and equitable policymaking. And that鈥檚 the point that was lost on Trump.

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Chayenne Polim茅dio

Fellow, Political Reform Program

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The Limits of the Power of Prayer in American Politics